Surface Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy 
     
   
John R. Lombardi and Ronald Birke
     
   
    It has long been known that on a properly prepared metal surface, the Raman 
    intensity may be enhanced by over five orders of magnitude. Our work has mainly 
    been on exploring the nature and conditions for this effect on a silver electrode. 
    We have developed a theory of the charge-transfer contribution to the intensity, 
    and most recently taken advantage of this effect to examine fast chemical kinetics 
    on electrode surfaces. 
     
 
 
1. "Theory of Enhanced Light Scattering at Metal-Liquid Interfaces," with
     J.Gersten and R. Birke, Phys. Rev., Lett. 43 147 (1979).

2. "Observation of a Continuum in Enhanced Raman Scattering from a Metal- Solution
     Interface," with R. Birke and J. Gersten, Phys. Rev. Lett. 43, 71 (1979).

3. "Surface Enhanced Raman Spectrum of Pyrazine; Observation of Forbidden Lines at the
     Electrode Surface," with G. Erdheim and R. L. Birke, Chem. Phys. Lett., 69, 495 (1980).

4. "Surface Enhanced Raman Spectrum of Methyl Pyridines," with K. Bunding and R. L.
     Birke, Chem. Phys. 49, 53 (1980).

5. "Potential Dependence of the Metal-Molecule Line in the Enhanced Raman Spectrum of
    Several Nitrogen Containing Compounds," with Venkatswarlu, G. Erdheim and R. L.
    Birke, Surface Science, 101, 387 (1980).

6. "Inhomogeneous Broadening of the Metal-Nitrogen Line in the Surface Enhanced Raman
    Spectrum," with R. L. Birke, Surface Science, 95, L259 (1980).

7. "Surface Enhanced Raman Spectrum of 2,6 Lutidine," with K. Bunding, R. L. Birke,
    Chem. Phys., 54, 115 (1980).

8. "Evidence for Ag Adatom-Molecule Complex in Surface Enhanced Raman Scattering,"
     with E. A. Sheilds-Knight and R. L. Birke, Chem. Phys. Lett., 79, 214 (1981).

9. "Surface Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy, A New Technique for Studying Interfacial
     Phenomena," with R. L. Birke and L. A. Sanchez, Advances in Chemistry Series
     Symposium on Elecrtrochemistry of Biological Redox Components, Ed. K. M. Kadish
    A.C.S. Books, 1982.

10. "The Role of Surface Roughness in Surface Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy," with R. L.
      Birke, Advances in Laser Spectroscopy, Vol.I., Eds. B. Garetz and J. R. Lombardi,
      Heyden Ltd., Philadelphia, 1982.

11. "Surface Enanced Raman Scattering of Piperidine: The Effect of Electrode Potential
      on Intensity," with L. A. Sanchez, R. L. Birke, J. Phys. Chem., 88, 1762 (1984).

12. "Surface Enhanced Raman Spectrum of Ammonia," with L. A. Sanchez and R. L.
      Birke, Chem. Phys. Lett. 108, 45 (1984).

13. "The Effect of Molecular Structure on Voltage Induced Shifts of Charge Transfer
      Excitation in Surface Enhanced Raman Scattering," with R. L. Birke, L. A. Sanchez, I.
      Bernard, and Song Cheng Sun, Chem. Phys. Lett. 104, 240 (1984).

14. "The Effect of pH, Chloride Ion and Background Electrolyte Concentration on SERS of
      Acidified Pyridine Solutions," with S. C. Sun, I. Bernard, R. L. Birke, J. Electroanal.
      Chem. 196, 359 (1985).


15. "Charge Transfer Theory of Surface Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy; Herzberg Teller
      Contributions," with R. L. Birke and T. Lu, J. Chem. Phys. 84, 4174 (1986).

16. "Surface Raman Spectroscopy of the Three Redox Forms ofMethylviologen," with T.
      Lu, and R. L. Birke, Langmuir 2, 305 (1986).

17. "Excitation Wavelength Dependence of Enhanced Raman Bands of Aggregated
      Molecules" with D.L. Akins, Chem. Phys. Lett., 135, 495 (1987).

18. "Surface Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy of Flavins Adsorbed on a Silver Electrode:
      Observation of the Unstable Semiquinone Intermediate",with J.Xu, and R.L. Birke
      J.A.C.S. 109,5645(1987).

19. "Surface Enhanced Raman Scattering" with R.L.Birke in "Specroelectrochemistry:
      Theory and Practice" Ed. R.J. Gale, Plenum,1988.

20. "Photolysis of p-Nitrobenzoic Acid on Roughened Silver Surfaces" with S.C.Sun,
       R.L.Birke, K.P.Leung, and A.Z. Genack, J.Phys. Chem., 92,5965 (1988).

21. "Raman and Surface Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy of Three Redox Forms of 4-4'
       Bipyridine" with T. Lu, T. Cotton and R.L. Birke, Langmuir,5, 406 (1989).

22. "Surface Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy of Surfactants on a Silver Electrode" with
       S.C.Sun and R.L.Birke, J.Phys. Chem.,94,2005,(1990).

23. "Detection of Short-Lived Intermediates in Electrochemical Reactions Using Time
       Resolved Surface Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy", with Chongtie Shi, Wei Zhang,
      and R.L. Birke, J.Phys. Chem. 94,2094, (1990).

24. "Time Resolved SERS, Cyclic Voltammetry, and Digital Simulation of the
      Electroreduction of p-Nitrobenzoic Acid", with Chongtie Shi, Wei Zhang, R.L. Birke,
      and D.K. Gosser, J. Phys. Chem. 95, 6276 (1991).

25. "Surface Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy" with R.L. Birke, in Techniques for
      Characterization of Electrodes and Electrochemical Processes , Ed. R. Varma and J.R.
      Selman, John Wiley & Sons, N.Y. 1991

26. "A Surface Enhanced Raman Spectroelectrochemical Study of a Number of p-
      Amino-tetraphenyl Porphyrins in Aprotic Medium" with C.M. Hosten and R.L.
      Birke, J.Phys. Chem.,96, 6585 (1992).


27. "Nanosecond Time Scale Kinetics in the Flavin Mononucleotide on an Electrode
      Surface Using Time Resolved Surface Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy", Chongtie Shi,
      Zhang Wei, John R. Lombardi, and R.L.Birke, J.Phys.Chem., 96, 10093 (1992).

28. "Investigation of Radical Ions with Time-Resolved Surface Enhanced Raman
       Spectroscopy", Ronald L. Birke and John R. Lombardi, Molec. Engineering, 4,
       275 (1994).

29. "Time-Resolved SERS Study of Direct Photochemical Charge Transfer between
       FMN and a Ag Electrode" ,Wei Zhang, Alberto Vivoni, John R. Lombardi, and
       Ronald L. Birke, J.Phys. Chem., 99, 12846 (1995).

30. "A Surface Enhanced Raman Spectroelectrochemical Study of a Number of p-
       Amino-tetraphenyl Porphyrins in Aprotic Medium" C.M. Hosten, R.L. Birke,
       and J. R. Lombardi, J. Phys. Chem.,96, 6585 (1992).

31. "Nanosecond Time Scale Kinetics in the Flavin Mononucleotide on an
       Electrode Surface Using Time Resolved Surface Enhanced Raman
       Spectroscopy", Chongtie Shi, Zhang Wei, John R. Lombardi, and R.L.Birke,
       J.Phys.Chem., 96, 10093 (1992).

32. "Investigation of Radical Ions with Time-Resolved Surface Enhanced
       Raman  Spectroscopy", Ronald L. Birke and John R. Lombardi, Molec.
       Engineering, 4,  275 (1994).

33. "Time-Resolved SERS Study of Direct Photochemical Charge Transfer
       between   FMN and a Ag Electrode" ,Wei Zhang, Alberto Vivoni, John
       R. Lombardi, and Ronald L. Birke, J.Phys. Chem., 99, 12846 (1995).

34. "SERS investigation of the adsorption and electroreduction of
       4-cyanopyridine  on a silver electrode", Chongtie Shi, Wei Zhang, Ronald L.
       Birke and John R.  Lombardi, J. Electroanal. Chem. 67, 423 (1997).

35. "A Time-Resolved SERS Study of the Adsorption and Electrochemical
       Reduction of 4-Pyridinecarboxaldehyde and 4-(Hydroxymethyl)pyridine" ,
       Ronald L. Birke, Chongtie Shi, Wei Zhang, and John R. Lombardi,
       J.Phys.Chem., 102, 7983 (1998).

36. "A Surface Enhanced Raman and Ab Initio Study of Spectra of Lumazine Molecules",
       Feria, P., Chen, X., Lombardi, J.R., and Birke, R.L., Langmuir, 16, 3984(2000).

37. "Optimization of Force Constants with an Urey-Bradley Force Field Avoiding Normal
        Mode Crossings", Vivoni, A., Birke, R., and Lombardi, J.R., Spectrochimica Acta A57,
        535-544 (2001).

38.  "The Use of Surface Enhanced Resonance Raman Spectroscopy and Voltammetric
         Techniques to Investgate the Catalytic Reduction of Oxygen with the m-Oxo Dimer of
         Iron(III) tetra-4-N-methylpyridylporphine", Rywkin, S., Hosten, C., Lombardi, J.R., and
         Birke, R.L., submitted.

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